Hill Farming has a Serious Role to Play - Tofts Herd
Victoria Poolman talks Beef Shorthorn to Rob Paisley - Westmoor Herd
Easily Managed Beef Shorthorns - Lowther Shorthorns
Glenisla Beef Shorthorns
Hill Farming has a Serious Role to Play
Jennifer Mackenzie visits Morebattle Tofts - James Playfair-Hanny
Traditional breeds of suckler cows which can be out-wintered on the hill are the key to profitable beef production for James Playfair Hannay.
"We require cows which can live on fresh air - and produce a quality calf. The Aberdeen Angus and Beef Shorthorn have a big role to play," he says.
The 90-strong pure-bred Angus herd remains the 'bread and butter' of the cattle enterprise for Playfair Farms.
"Everyone is grumbling that beef cattle are making no money but I don't think many could keep cows cheaper than I can on the hill," he says.
James is the fourth generation of his family to farm at Morebattle Tofts and he also farms Clifton-on-Bowmont and more recently Yetholm Mains on a contract farming basis. Playfair Farms operates over 4,300 acres running 300 suckler cows and 2,000 principally North Country Cheviot breeding ewes. Six hundred arable acres grow malting barley and other cereals for home use as well as straw for bedding.
A pedigree Aberdeen Angus herd was founded by James's grandfather in 1947 and when James returned to the farm after college in the late 1970s he was so convinced about the attributes of native bred cattle that he founded a Beef Shorthorn herd.
"When the continental terminal sire breeds came into the UK there were some wonderful native-bred suckler cows. Now these cows have all gone and we have the Holstein influence and the cows are too thin skinned and hungry. The capital output needed to keep them is too great which was fine when barley was cheap. I would also question whether our land had enough body to carry these bigger, heavier-boned continental cows.
"We tried different breeds of bulls on the cows but we found that with our system the Shorthorn cross Angus cow was the best, crossed to the Angus bull. The cow wasn't too big and hungry at up to 700kg and she weaned as big a calf as any of the other crosses we had analysed and the decision was taken that we had better buy some Shorthorns. We were also getting a lack of uniformity."
At the time the Shorthorn breed was in decline, however several females were bought combining Northern Dairy Shorthorns from Cumbria as well as Beef Shorthorns from Parkfield and Ardbennie as well as dual purpose Shorthorns from Ronnie Henderson, of Newton.
The purebred Shorthorn herd was established in the early 1980s, under the Tofts prefix as with the Angus herd, and now numbers 60 cows and the additional 150 commercial sucklers which are Shorthorn cross Angus.
"We set out to produce bulls for our own use and we had no intentions of being 'big' in the pedigree world and going to Perth and winning championships," said James, who is the Beef Shorthorn Association's vice-president.
However, at the Perth February 2007 bull sale the Tofts herd achieved its highest prices yet for Shorthorns with Tofts Hector making 8,000gns to a pedigree breeder and another bull making 5,500gns for a new herd in Northern Ireland.
At the outset the breed's genetic pool in the UK was small and cows were identified in Canada for embryo production. Another problem says James is that too few UK breeders performance record their herds - both the pedigree herds at Morebattle Tofts have been recorded for more than 20 years.
"We have been criticised for using certain bulls but I haven't used a bull where I haven't seen a job for it to do," he says.
As well as using the traditional Beef Shorthorn and Dairy Shorthorn and Northern Dairy Shorthorn, bloodlines from the French Maine Anjou and polled Shorthorns from New Zealand, Australia and North America have been used.
"As a breed, while it is doing the job, we have to be more selective - udders in cows need to be improved and feet and legs are starting to become a problem. Breeders buy bulls without seeing the parents. I have only used one bull which I haven't seen its parents - a New Zealand bred bull - but I had seen its progeny.
"The Beef Shorthorn is a maternal breed and the challenge is to breed good shaped cattle with an abundance of milk.
In 2000 the neighbouring farm Yetholm Mains was taken on in a contract with the family who farmed it and with it came a herd of Blonde cross Blue Grey cows.
A comparison was made with the first crop of calves by the Angus bull to the calves from the Shorthorn-Angus cows. Calves from the Shorthorn-Angus cows were 60kg heavier at weaning, albeit sired by different bulls.
The following year Tofts bulls were used across all the cows and the Shorthorn-Angus cows still had a 50kg weight advantage at weaning time.
"We sacked all the Blonde cross cows that had not performed - they had had two years to prove their worth, although we still have some of them" said James.
"We have less labour on farms and there is more to do - we're having to run so fast to stand still so we have to have cows that are docile at calving. If one does need some assistance you have got to be able to handle it. With 300 cows to calve in our system we can count the number of cows I physically have to calve on one hand."
The commercial cows run at Yetholm Mains are all crossed with the Angus bull. Calves are sold either as yearling stores or finished off the farm, both having a ready market with Marks & Spencer, Waitrose and Costco.
They are fed a wholecrop diet, a mix of lupins and triticale with minerals. Last year the steer calves averaged 13 months old producing 300kg carcases grading at R4L. Achieving this weight as soon as possible improves turnover.
The quality carcases achieve a premium of about 10p per kg for the Angus and 5p for the Shorthorn and according to James they are making money.
"People in the UK are now eating more and more beef but it was a fact that as the number of native breeds in the beef industry reduced, so did the consumption of red meat.
"Supermarkets have not been a great help generally in the red met industry and for the MLC, high value meat doesn't seem to be of interest. When it encouraged producers to make beef leaner the consumption went down - it seemed the MLC's purpose is to sell vast quantities of mince per hectare!"
The cows are outwintered on the dry white hill which runs up to 1,300ft - the farm is in the second driest parish in Scotland with 23 to 25 inches of rainfall a year. Grass conservation is assisted with a deferred grazing system. Calving is in May in hill paddocks with weaning the following November when the calves are housed and the cows stay out on the hill.
Through the winter the cows are fed 2kg a day of a barley and mineral home mix ration through to May when the grass starts to grow. The only supplement they are fed from then is a high magnesium mineral block.
In September and October, prior to weaning, the calves are creep fed on a home-mix ration.
The aim is to calve the heifers at two years old and for each to produce 10 living calves which when weaned off the hill must be a minimum of 300kg.
"With global warming resulting in milder winters and drier summers we have got to have cattle that can forage and the pressure is on for the beef industry to cut its cost of production. Our climatic costs are our big problem.
"I can't afford to lose production and I want to be in a position to farm without the Single Farm Payment. We can't farm this land without livestock and the only way is to add value by reaching niche markets."
As well as beef being sold off the farm at Morebattle Tofts through an on-farm butchery also selling home-bred pork from large black pigs and Cheviot and cross-bred lamb there is a big demand for both pedigree and commercial breeding stock.